Why Didnt Peasant Pursue Art or Literature During the Middle Ages?

The Rise of the Vernacular

Renaissance literature refers to European literature that was influenced past the intellectual and cultural tendencies of the Renaissance.

Learning Objectives

Evaluate the influence of the unlike people, styles, and ideas that influenced Renaissance literature

Fundamental Takeaways

Central Points

• In the 13th century, Italian authors began writing in their native colloquial linguistic communication rather than in Latin, French, or Provençal. The earliest Renaissance literature appeared in 14th century Italian republic; Dante, Petrarch, and Machiavelli are notable examples of Italian Renaissance writers.
• From Italy the influence of the Renaissance spread across Europe; the scholarly writings of Erasmus and the plays of Shakespeare tin be considered Renaissance in graphic symbol.
• Renaissance literature is characterized past the adoption of a Humanist philosophy and the recovery of the classical literature of Antiquity, and benefited from the spread of printing in the latter role of the 15th century.

Key Terms

• Spenserian stanza: Fixed poesy form invented by Edmund Spenser for his ballsy poem "The Faerie Queene." Each stanza contains nine lines in total; the rhyme scheme of these lines is "ababbcbcc. "
• colloquial: The native language or native dialect of a specific population, peculiarly as distinguished from a literary, national, or standard variety of the language.
• anthropocentric: Assertive human beings to be the central or most significant species on the planet, or the assessing reality through an exclusively human perspective.

Overview

The 13th century Italian literary revolution helped set the phase for the Renaissance. Prior to the Renaissance, the Italian linguistic communication was not the literary language in Italy. It was only in the 13th century that Italian authors began writing in their native colloquial linguistic communication rather than in Latin, French, or Provençal. The 1250s saw a major change in Italian poetry as the Dolce Stil Novo (Sweet New Way, which emphasized Platonic rather than ladylike dear) came into its own, pioneered past poets like Guittone d'Arezzo and Guido Guinizelli. Specially in poesy, major changes in Italian literature had been taking place decades before the Renaissance truly began.

With the printing of books initiated in Venice past Aldus Manutius, an increasing number of works began to be published in the Italian linguistic communication, in addition to the flood of Latin and Greek texts that constituted the mainstream of the Italian Renaissance. The source for these works expanded beyond works of theology and towards the pre-Christian eras of Royal Rome and Ancient Greece. This is not to say that no religious works were published in this period; Dante Alighieri's The Divine Comedy reflects a distinctly medieval world view. Christianity remained a major influence for artists and authors, with the classics coming into their ain as a second primary influence.

At Florence the most celebrated Humanists wrote also in the vulgar tongue, and commented on Dante and Petrarch and defended them from their enemies. Leone Battista Alberti, the learned Greek and Latin scholar, wrote in the colloquial, and Vespasiano da Bisticci, while he was constantly absorbed in Greek and Latin manuscripts, wrote the Vite di uomini illustri, valuable for their historical contents and rivaling the all-time works of the 14th century in their artlessness and simplicity.

Renaissance Literature

The earliest Renaissance literature appeared in 14th century Italia; Dante, Petrarch, and Machiavelli are notable examples of Italian Renaissance writers. From Italy the influence of the Renaissance spread at different rates to other countries, and connected to spread throughout Europe through the 17th century. The English Renaissance and the Renaissance in Scotland date from the late 15th century to the early 17th century. In northern Europe the scholarly writings of Erasmus, the plays of Shakespeare, the poems of Edmund Spenser, and the writings of Sir Philip Sidney may exist considered Renaissance in graphic symbol.

The literature of the Renaissance was written within the general movement of the Renaissance that arose in 13th century Italy and continued until the 16th century while being diffused into the western world. It is characterized past the adoption of a Humanist philosophy and the recovery of the classical literature of Artifact and benefited from the spread of printing in the latter function of the 15th century. For the writers of the Renaissance, Greco-Roman inspiration was shown both in the themes of their writing and in the literary forms they used. The world was considered from an anthropocentric perspective. Ideal ideas were revived and put to the service of Christianity. The search for pleasures of the senses and a critical and rational spirit completed the ideological panorama of the period. New literary genres such as the essay and new metrical forms such as the sonnet and Spenserian stanza made their appearance.

The creation of the press press (using movable type) by Johannes Gutenberg in the 1450s encouraged authors to write in their local colloquial rather than in Greek or Latin classical languages, widening the reading audience and promoting the spread of Renaissance ideas.

The impact of the Renaissance varied across the continent; countries that were predominantly Catholic or predominantly Protestant experienced the Renaissance differently. Areas where the Orthodox Church was culturally ascendant, equally well as those areas of Europe nether Islamic rule, were more or less outside its influence. The menstruation focused on cocky-actualization and one'due south ability to have what is going on in ane's life.

Renaissance Man ("Cicatrice in the Sun" by the Fierce Femmes): Quick overview of some of the prominent men of the Renaissance.

Renaissance Writers

The 13th and 14th century Italian literary revolution helped fix the stage for the Renaissance.

Learning Objectives

Identify the key contributions made by Dante, Boccaccio, and Bruni

Cardinal Takeaways

Primal Points

• The ideas characterizing the Renaissance had their origin in late 13th century Florence, in detail in the writings of Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) and Petrarch (1304–1374).
• The literature and poesy of the Renaissance was largely influenced by the developing scientific discipline and philosophy.
• The Humanist Francesco Petrarch, a key figure in the renewed sense of scholarship, was too an accomplished poet, publishing several important works of poetry in Italian equally well as Latin.
• Petrarch's disciple, Giovanni Boccaccio, became a major author in his own right, whose major work, The Decameron, was a source of inspiration and plots for many English authors in the Renaissance.
• A generation before Petrarch and Boccaccio, Dante Alighieri set the phase for Renaissance literature with his Divine One-act, widely considered the greatest literary piece of work composed in the Italian language and a masterpiece of world literature.
• Leonardo Bruni was an Italian humanist, historian, and statesman, frequently recognized as the first mod historian.

Key Terms

• humanist: One who studies classical antiquity and the intellectual adoption of its philosophies, centered on the important role of humans in the universe.
• metaphysics: A co-operative of philosophy concerned with explaining the cardinal nature of beingness and the globe that encompasses it.

Overview

Many argue that the ideas characterizing the Renaissance had their origin in late 13th century Florence, in item in the writings of Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) and Petrarch (1304–1374). Italian prose of the 13th century was as abundant and varied as its poetry. In the twelvemonth 1282 a period of new literature began. With the schoolhouse of Lapo Gianni, Guido Cavalcanti, Cino da Pistoia, and Dante Alighieri, lyric poetry became exclusively Tuscan. The whole novelty and poetic power of this school consisted in, co-ordinate to Dante, Quando Amore spira, noto, ed a quel niodo Ch'ei detta dentro, vo significando—that is, in a ability of expressing the feelings of the soul in the fashion in which honey inspires them, in an advisable and graceful manner, fitting form to affair, and by fine art fusing one with the other. Honey is a divine souvenir that redeems man in the eyes of God, and the poet'due south mistress is the angel sent from heaven to show the style to conservancy.

The literature and verse of the Renaissance was largely influenced by the developing scientific discipline and philosophy. The Humanist Francesco Petrarch, a key figure in the renewed sense of scholarship, was also an accomplished poet, publishing several important works of poesy. He wrote poesy in Latin, notably the Punic War epic Africa, but is today remembered for his works in the Italian colloquial, especially the Canzoniere, a collection of love sonnets dedicated to his unrequited dear, Laura. He was the foremost writer of sonnets in Italian, and translations of his work into English by Thomas Wyatt established the sonnet form in England, where information technology was employed by William Shakespeare and countless other poets.

Giovanni Boccaccio

Petrarch's disciple, Giovanni Boccaccio, became a major author in his own right. His major piece of work was The Decameron, a collection of 100 stories told by ten storytellers who take fled to the outskirts of Florence to escape the black plague over ten nights. The Decameron in particular and Boccaccio's work in general were a major source of inspiration and plots for many English authors in the Renaissance, including Geoffrey Chaucer and William Shakespeare. The various tales of love in The Decameron range from the erotic to the tragic. Tales of wit, practical jokes, and life lessons contribute to the mosaic. In add-on to its literary value and widespread influence, it provides a document of life at the time. Written in the vernacular of the Florentine linguistic communication, it is considered a masterpiece of classical early on Italian prose.

Boccaccio wrote his imaginative literature mostly in the Italian vernacular, also as other works in Latin, and is peculiarly noted for his realistic dialogue that differed from that of his contemporaries, medieval writers who commonly followed formulaic models for graphic symbol and plot.

Discussions between Boccaccio and Petrarch were instrumental in Boccaccio writing the Genealogia deorum gentilium; the first edition was completed in 1360 and it remained ane of the key reference works on classical mythology for over 400 years. It served equally an extended defence for the studies of ancient literature and thought. Despite the Heathen behavior at the core of the Genealogia deorum gentilium, Boccaccio believed that much could exist learned from antiquity. Thus, he challenged the arguments of clerical intellectuals who wanted to limit access to classical sources to prevent whatsoever moral impairment to Christian readers. The revival of classical antiquity became a foundation of the Renaissance, and his defense of the importance of ancient literature was an essential requirement for its development.

The Decameron

A delineation of Giovanni Boccaccio and Florentines who have fled from the plague, the frame story for The Decameron.

Dante Alighieri

A generation before Petrarch and Boccaccio, Dante Alighieri fix the stage for Renaissance literature. His Divine One-act, originally called Comedìa and subsequently christened Divina by Boccaccio, is widely considered the greatest literary work composed in the Italian language and a masterpiece of world literature.

In the belatedly Middle Ages, the overwhelming majority of poesy was written in Latin, and therefore was attainable just to flush and educated audiences. In De vulgari eloquentia (On Eloquence in the Vernacular), withal, Dante dedicated utilize of the vernacular in literature. He himself would even write in the Tuscan dialect for works such as The New Life (1295) and the aforementioned Divine Comedy; this pick, though highly unorthodox, set a hugely important precedent that afterwards Italian writers such every bit Petrarch and Boccaccio would follow. Equally a result, Dante played an instrumental role in establishing the national language of Italy. Dante's significance likewise extends past his home country; his depictions of Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven accept provided inspiration for a large torso of Western art, and are cited every bit an influence on the works of John Milton, Geoffrey Chaucer, and Lord Alfred Tennyson, among many others.

Dante, like most Florentines of his day, was embroiled in the Guelph-Ghibelline disharmonize. He fought in the Battle of Campaldino (June 11, 1289) with the Florentine Guelphs against the Arezzo Ghibellines. After defeating the Ghibellines, the Guelphs divided into two factions: the White Guelphs—Dante's party, led by Vieri dei Cerchi—and the Blackness Guelphs, led by Corso Donati. Although the split was forth family unit lines at first, ideological differences arose based on opposing views of the papal role in Florentine affairs, with the Blacks supporting the pope and the Whites wanting more freedom from Rome. Dante was accused of abuse and fiscal wrongdoing past the Black Guelphs for the fourth dimension that he was serving as city prior (Florence's highest position) for two months in 1300. He was condemned to perpetual exile; if he returned to Florence without paying a fine, he could exist burned at the pale.

At some bespeak during his exile he conceived of the Divine One-act, but the date is uncertain. The work is much more bodacious and on a larger calibration than anything he had produced in Florence; information technology is likely he would have undertaken such a work only subsequently he realized his political ambitions, which had been central to him up to his banishment, had been halted for some time, peradventure forever. Mixing organized religion and private concerns in his writings, he invoked the worst acrimony of God against his metropolis and suggested several particular targets that were as well his personal enemies.

Portrait of Dante: Dante Alighieri was a major Italian poet of the Late Middle Ages who influenced and set the precedent for Renaissance literature.

Leonardo Bruni

Leonardo Bruni (c. 1370–March 9, 1444) was an Italian Humanist, historian, and statesman, oft recognized as the most of import Humanist historian of the early Renaissance. He has been called the first modern historian. He was the earliest person to write using the 3-period view of history: Antiquity, Middle Ages, and Modern. The dates Bruni used to define the periods are not exactly what modern historians use today, only he laid the conceptual groundwork for a tripartite partitioning of history.

Bruni's most notable work is Historiarum Florentini populi libri XII (History of the Florentine People, 12 Books), which has been chosen the start modern history book. While information technology probably was not Bruni'southward intention to secularize history, the three period view of history is unquestionably secular, and for that Bruni has been called the get-go mod historian. The foundation of Bruni'southward conception can be establish with Petrarch, who distinguished the classical flow from afterward cultural decline, or tenebrae (literally "darkness"). Bruni argued that Italian republic had revived in contempo centuries and could therefore exist described as entering a new age.

One of Bruni'south most famous works is New Cicero, a biography of the Roman statesman Cicero. He was too the author of biographies in Italian of Dante and Petrarch. Information technology was Bruni who used the phrase " studia humanitatis," meaning the study of man endeavors, equally distinct from those of theology and metaphysics, which is where the term "humanists" comes from.

Every bit a Humanist Bruni was essential in translating into Latin many works of Greek philosophy and history, such as those by Aristotle and Procopius. Bruni's translations of Aristotle'south Politics and Nicomachean Ethics, every bit well as the pseudo-Aristotelean Economics, were widely distributed in manuscript and in print.

Christine de Pizan

Christine de Pizan was an Italian-French belatedly medieval author who wrote about the positive contributions of women to European history and courtroom life.

Learning Objectives

Discuss the significance of Christine de Pizan'due south work

Central Takeaways

Key Points

• Christine de Pizan was an Italian-French late medieval author, primarily a courtroom writer, who wrote commissioned works for aristocratic families and addressed literary debates of the era.
• Her work is characterized by a prominent and positive delineation of women who encouraged ethical and judicious behave in courtly life.
• Much of the impetus for her writing came from her need to earn a living to support her mother, a niece, and her ii surviving children after being widowed at the age of 25.
• Christine's participation in a literary debate about Jean de Meun'south Romance of the Rose allowed her to move across the courtly circles, and ultimately to establish her status equally a writer concerned with the position of women in society.

Key Terms

• feminism: A range of political movements, ideologies, and social movements that share a mutual goal: to define, establish, and reach political, economic, personal, and social rights for women that are equal to those of men.
• chivalry: A code of conduct associated with the medieval institution of knighthood, which later developed into social and moral virtues more generally.
• alchemist: A person who practices the philosophical and proto-scientific tradition aimed to purify, mature, and perfect certain objects, such as the transmutation of "base metals" (e.grand., atomic number 82) into "noble" ones (particularly gilded) and the creation of an elixir of immortality.

Overview

Christine de Pizan (1364–1430) was an Italian-French late medieval author. She served every bit a courtroom writer for several dukes (Louis of Orleans, Philip the Bold of Burgundy, and John the Fearless of Burgundy) and the French royal court during the reign of Charles VI. She wrote both poetry and prose works such as biographies and books containing practical advice for women. She completed 40-one works during her 30-year career from 1399 to 1429. She married in 1380 at the age of fifteen, and was widowed 10 years afterwards. Much of the impetus for her writing came from her need to earn a living to support her mother, a niece, and her two surviving children. She spent most of her childhood and all of her developed life in Paris and and then the abbey at Poissy, and wrote entirely in her adopted language, Middle French.

In recent decades, Christine de Pizan'southward work has been returned to prominence by the efforts of scholars such every bit Charity Cannon Willard, Earl Jeffrey Richards, and Simone de Beauvoir. Certain scholars have argued that she should be seen equally an early feminist who efficiently used linguistic communication to convey that women could play an important role inside gild.

Christine de Pizan: A painting of Christine de Pizan, considered by some scholars to be a proto-feminist, lecturing four men.

Life

Christine de Pizan was built-in in 1364 in Venice, Italy. Post-obit her birth, her father, Thomas de Pizan, accepted an appointment to the court of Charles 5 of France, every bit the rex's astrologer, alchemist, and physician. In this atmosphere, Christine was able to pursue her intellectual interests. She successfully educated herself by immersing herself in languages, in the rediscovered classics and Humanism of the early Renaissance, and in Charles 5's royal archive, which housed a vast number of manuscripts. But she did not assert her intellectual abilities, or institute her authority equally a author, until she was widowed at the age of 25.

In order to back up herself and her family unit, Christine turned to writing. By 1393, she was writing love ballads, which caught the attention of wealthy patrons within the court. These patrons were intrigued by the novelty of a female writer and had her compose texts about their romantic exploits. Her output during this period was prolific. Between 1393 and 1412 she composed over 300 ballads, and many more shorter poems.

Christine's participation in a literary contend, in 1401–1402, allowed her to move across the courtly circles, and ultimately to constitute her status as a author concerned with the position of women in social club. During these years, she involved herself in a renowned literary controversy, the "Querelle du Roman de la Rose." She helped to instigate this debate by offset to question the literary merits of Jean de Meun's The The Romance of the Rose. Written in the 13th century, The Romance of the Rose satirizes the conventions of courtly love while critically depicting women as goose egg more than than seducers. Christine specifically objected to the utilise of vulgar terms in Jean de Meun'south allegorical poem. She argued that these terms denigrated the proper and natural function of sexuality, and that such linguistic communication was inappropriate for female characters such as Madam Reason. According to her, noble women did not use such linguistic communication. Her critique primarily stemmed from her belief that Jean de Meun was purposely slandering women through the debated text.

The argue itself was extensive, and at its end the principal issue was no longer Jean de Meun's literary capabilities; it had shifted to the unjust slander of women inside literary texts. This dispute helped to establish Christine'southward reputation as a female person intellectual who could assert herself finer and defend her claims in the male-dominated literary realm. She connected to counter abusive literary treatments of women.

Writing

Christine produced a large amount of colloquial works in both prose and verse. Her works include political treatises, mirrors for princes, epistles, and verse.

Her early courtly poetry is marked by her cognition of aristocratic custom and style of the day, particularly involving women and the exercise of chivalry. Her early and later allegorical and didactic treatises reflect both autobiographical information about her life and views and likewise her own individualized and Humanist approach to the scholastic learned tradition of mythology, fable, and history she inherited from clerical scholars, and to the genres and courtly or scholastic subjects of contemporary French and Italian poets she admired. Supported and encouraged by important royal French and English patrons, she influenced 15th century English poesy.

By 1405, Christine had completed her most famous literary works, The Book of the Urban center of Ladies and The Treasure of the City of Ladies. The first of these shows the importance of women's past contributions to gild, and the 2nd strives to teach women of all estates how to cultivate useful qualities. In The Treasure of the City of Ladies, she highlights the persuasive effect of women's speech and deportment in everyday life. In this particular text, Christine argues that women must recognize and promote their ability to brand peace between people. This ability will allow women to mediate betwixt husband and subjects. She also argues that slanderous speech erodes one'south honor and threatens the sisterly bond among women. Christine then argues that "skill in discourse should be a part of every woman'southward moral repertoire." She believed that a woman's influence is realized when her speech accords value to chastity, virtue, and restraint. She argued that rhetoric is a powerful tool that women could utilise to settle differences and to assert themselves. Additionally, The Treasure of the Urban center of Ladies provides glimpses into women'south lives in 1400, from the great lady in the castle down to the merchant's married woman, the servant, and the peasant. She offers advice to governesses, widows, and even prostitutes.

Movie from The Book of the City of Ladies: The Treasure of the Metropolis of Ladies is a manual of education by medieval Italian-French author Christine de Pizan.

Machiavelli

Renaissance philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli sought to depict political life as information technology actually was rather than its philosophical platonic, every bit infamously portrayed in his text The Prince.

Learning Objectives

Analyze Machiavelli'due south affect during his ain lifetime and in the modern twenty-four hour period

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• Niccolò Machiavelli was an Italian Renaissance historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, Humanist, and writer, often called the founder of modern political science.
• His writings were innovative because of his emphasis on practical and pragmatic strategies over philosophical ideals, exemplified past such phrases as "He who neglects what is washed for what ought to exist washed, sooner effects his ruin than his preservation."
• His well-nigh famous text, The Prince, has been profoundly influential, from the fourth dimension of his life upward to the present day, both on politicians and philosophers.
• The Prince describes strategies to exist an constructive statesman and infamously includes justifications for treachery and violence to retain power.

Central Terms

• republicanism: An credo of being a denizen in a land in which ability resides in elected individuals representing the citizen body.
• realpolitik: Politics or affairs based primarily on considerations of given circumstances and factors, rather than explicit ideological notions or moral and ethical bounds.
• Machiavellian: Cunning and scheming in statecraft or in full general conduct.

Overview

Niccolò Machiavelli (May three, 1469–June 21, 1527) was an Italian Renaissance historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, Humanist, and author. He has often been called the founder of modern political science. He was for many years a senior official in the Florentine Commonwealth, with responsibilities in diplomatic and military affairs. He as well wrote comedies, carnival songs, and verse. His personal correspondence is renowned in the Italian language. He was secretarial assistant to the 2nd Chancery of the Republic of Florence from 1498 to 1512, when the Medici were out of power. He wrote his nigh renowned piece of work, The Prince (Il Principe) in 1513.

"Machiavellianism" is a widely used negative term to characterize unscrupulous politicians of the sort Machiavelli described about famously in The Prince. Machiavelli described immoral behavior, such as dishonesty and killing innocents, equally beingness normal and constructive in politics. He even seemed to endorse it in some situations. The book itself gained notoriety when some readers claimed that the author was teaching evil, and providing "evil recommendations to tyrants to help them maintain their ability." The term " Machiavellian " is often associated with political deceit, deviousness, and realpolitik. On the other hand, many commentators, such as Baruch Spinoza, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Denis Diderot, have argued that Machiavelli was actually a republican, even when writing The Prince, and his writings were an inspiration to Enlightenment proponents of modern democratic political philosophy.

Portrait of Niccolò Machiavelli: Machiavelli is a political philosopher infamous for his justification of violence in his treatise The Prince.

The Prince

Machiavelli's best-known book, The Prince, contains several maxims concerning politics. Instead of the more traditional target audience of a hereditary prince, it concentrates on the possibility of a "new prince." To retain power, the hereditary prince must carefully balance the interests of a variety of institutions to which the people are accustomed. By dissimilarity, a new prince has the more difficult task in ruling: he must first stabilize his newfound ability in order to build an enduring political structure. Machiavelli suggests that the social benefits of stability and security can exist achieved in the face of moral abuse. Machiavelli believed that a leader had to understand public and private morality as two unlike things in order to rule well. As a result, a ruler must exist concerned non only with reputation, only too must be positively willing to act immorally at the right times.

Every bit a political theorist, Machiavelli emphasized the occasional need for the methodical exercise of brute force or deceit, including extermination of entire noble families to head off any adventure of a claiming to the prince's authority. He asserted that violence may exist necessary for the successful stabilization of power and introduction of new legal institutions. Further, he believed that force may be used to eliminate political rivals, to coerce resistant populations, and to purge the community of other men of strong enough graphic symbol to rule, who volition inevitably endeavour to replace the ruler. Machiavelli has get infamous for such political advice, ensuring that he would exist remembered in history through the adjective "Machiavellian."

The Prince is sometimes claimed to exist one of the kickoff works of mod philosophy, specially modern political philosophy, in which the constructive truth is taken to be more important than any abstract ideal. It was as well in straight conflict with the dominant Cosmic and scholastic doctrines of the time concerning politics and ethics. In contrast to Plato and Aristotle, Machiavelli insisted that an imaginary ideal society is not a model by which a prince should orient himself.

Influence

Machiavelli'southward ideas had a profound impact on political leaders throughout the modern west, helped by the new technology of the press press. During the first generations afterwards Machiavelli, his chief influence was in non-Republican governments. 1 historian noted that The Prince was spoken of highly past Thomas Cromwell in England and had influenced Henry VIII in his turn towards Protestantism and in his tactics, for example during the Pilgrimage of Grace. A copy was also possessed by the Catholic king and emperor Charles 5. In French republic, after an initially mixed reaction, Machiavelli came to be associated with Catherine de' Medici and the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. As one historian reports, in the 16th century, Catholic writers "associated Machiavelli with the Protestants, whereas Protestant authors saw him equally Italian and Catholic." In fact, he was apparently influencing both Catholic and Protestant kings.

Modern materialist philosophy developed in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, starting in the generations after Machiavelli. This philosophy tended to be republican, more in the original spirit of Machiavellianism, but as with the Catholic authors, Machiavelli's realism and encouragement of using innovation to try to control one's own fortune were more accustomed than his emphasis upon war and politics. Not just were innovative economics and politics results, only likewise modern scientific discipline, leading some commentators to say that the 18th century Enlightenment involved a "humanitarian" moderating of Machiavellianism.

Although Jean-Jacques Rousseau is associated with very different political ideas, it is important to view Machiavelli'southward work from different points of view rather than but the traditional notion. For example, Rousseau viewed Machiavelli's work as a satirical piece in which Machiavelli exposes the faults of one-man dominion rather than exalting amorality.

Scholars have argued that Machiavelli was a major indirect and direct influence upon the political thinking of the Founding Fathers of the United States due to his overwhelming favoritism of republicanism and the democracy type of regime. Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, and Thomas Jefferson followed Machiavelli'due south republicanism when they opposed what they saw as the emerging aristocracy that they feared Alexander Hamilton was creating with the Federalist Party. Hamilton learned from Machiavelli about the importance of foreign policy for domestic policy, only may have broken from him regarding how rapacious a republic needed to be in order to survive.

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Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-worldhistory/chapter/literature-in-the-renaissance/

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